3 Important Skills Youll Acquire with Proposal Writing Training

3 Important Skills You'll Acquire with Proposal Writing Training Writing a proposal is one of the most important processes in business, and knowing the key elements of a great proposal versus a good or average proposal can make a world of difference to your career and to your business revenue. Here are some key elements for a successful proposal that you will discuss and practice throughout yourproposal writing training: 1. AudienceThroughout your career, you will have to write proposals for a variety of people. Every proposal will need to be focused differently, depending on the audience. With proper training, you will learn how to identify your audience and your audience's needs so you can properly address them in your proposal.Is a potential client most focused on budget, or the quality of your solution, or ongoing support, or your industry experience? This matters deeply. You must shape content so it matches each reader's focus. Keeping your audience in mind throughout the writing process can be challenging, and this proposal course will offer skills and guidance along the way to make sure you are always addressing your reader appropriately.2. OrganizationYou already know what elements your proposal needs, but how should you structure it? Our training will teach you the proper way to organize and structure your proposal logically so each point builds on each other and the overall argument is clea r and compelling to the reader.A very common error is starting a proposal with an introduction to your company and why you are suited to solve this audience's needs. That never works. Do not open a proposal with information about your company or service. Instead, focus on the client's need and problem. This confirms to your potential client that you understand their business and their need.3. ToneMastering the tone of your proposal is key to making sure your document is easily understood by your audience. If you are presenting a proposal to a financial firm, for example, your tone needs to be careful and exact. If you were to use tone that is too casual to this financial firm, you won't win the business. Conversely, if your proposal is to an avant-garde marketing firm, you would not want tone to be too formal. This training will teach you how to modify your tone depending on your audience so you will always come across as competent and compelling without confusing or off-putting you r reader. And, you'll learn how to avoid industry jargon and language bloat. We understand that writing is a constant process of learning and practicing. That's why we offer plenty of opportunities to practice writing proposals throughout the course. You submit incremental exercises, that build to a final proposal. And, you will receive help and feedback from your instructor throughout the writing process. A writing coach reviews your final proposal with you, live via WebEx. By the end of the course you will have the tools and skills you need to maximize your success when it comes to writing proposals. Learn more about proposal writing training.

Listening To Troubled Families Social Work Essay Essays

Listening To Troubled Families Social Work Essay Essays Listening To Troubled Families Social Work Essay Essay Listening To Troubled Families Social Work Essay Essay The intent of this essay is to critically analyze a study Listening to Troubled Families ( Casey, 2012 ) . To carry through this it will be necessary to give a brief historical overview of societal policy and legislative developments from 1979 to the present twenty-four hours. It will travel on to debate the drivers for modern-day pattern and schemes that promote kids safeguarding and household support. The essay will use statute law, counsel and policies that give societal workers a legal authorization to work with households whose kids are deemed to be at hazard. The essay will besides consider a choice of societal work accomplishments whilst using theories and methods that are in conformity with social work values ( Teater, 2010, p. 4 ) . The study entitled Listening to Troubled Families is a snapshot of 16 household s lives who have entrenched, long-run rhythms of enduring jobs and doing jobs ( Casey, 2012, p. 1 ) . The phrase long-term rhythms is really similar to an look that the Prime Minister at the clip Tony Blair ( 2006 ) used in a address to depict households with problems [ that ] are multiple, entrenched and frequently passed down the coevalss ( Blair, 2006 cited in Welshman, 2008, p. 77 ) . Both statements can be compared to Joseph s ( 1972 ) cycle of want hypothesis ( Joseph, 1972 cited in Welshman, 2008, p. 77 ) . This is of import because harmonizing to Welshman ( 2012 ) it is an passage of the argument refering the deserving and unworthy hapless and popular beliefs aimed at scroungers in British society. This has led Featherstone et Al. ( 2012, 630 ) to reason that old and consecutive authoritiess since 1979 have demonstrated a cross-party consensus in respect to cut down political support for the public assistance province . The households in the study had been compelled to work with the Family Intervention Project or hazard facing action on kid attention continuing ( Casey, 2012, p. 3 ) . However, the study is really based on 120,000 households that have been identified as troubled ( Casey 2012, p. 5 ) and who have cost the Government some A ; lb ; 9 billion in the last twelvemonth entirely ( HM Government, 2012, p. 1 ) . This equates to †¦around amp ; lb ; 75,000 per household ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.number10.gov ) . The figure of a 120,000 households is based on a study conducted by the Social Exclusion Task Force ( SETF ) ( Levitas, 2012, p. 4 ) . That carried out some secondary analysis ( Levitas, 2012, p. 4 ) from the Family and Children longitude survey ( FACS ) in 2004. Which highlighted that 2 per cent ( p. 4 ) of families in Britain had legion disadvantages. Levitas ( 2012 ) notes that the Coalition authorities have deliberately sought to misdirect the electorate, i nto presuming that multiple disadvantage ( Levitas, 2012, p.12 ) equates to households that are troubled, to households that are or cause problem ( Levitas, 2012, p. 5 ) . In order to work efficaciously with households where disregard and maltreatment put kids at hazard it is indispensable that the subject cognition, understanding and accomplishments ( QAA, 2008, p. 8 ) . That the pupil has acquired in professional preparation underpin all intercessions with persons to let an understanding of situations ( Trevithick, 2012, p. 4 ) . To understand a state of affairs it is of import that a societal worker has first-class communication accomplishments Koprowska, ( 2009, p. 1 ) considers that these are a cardinal demand for social work appraisal and intercession ( Koprowska, 2009, p. 72 ) . Research conducted by Levin ( 2004, p. 5 ) substantiates this as service users require societal workers who are skilled in listening, reding, measuring, instance managing and happening practical ways to ease. Sedan ( 2005, p. 22 ) notes that communicating comprises of an synergistic procedure affecting the giving, having and look intoing out of intending . Having the accomplishments to pass on would enable the practician to prosecute with health professionals and kids to carry on an appraisal ensuring an effectual and just procedure and result ( Holland, 2010, p. 110 ) . Crippling ( 2009, p. 28 ) reiterates this claim by asseverating that the Assessment procedures should promote an progressively clear apprehension of a kid s state of affairs ( Laming, 2009, p. 29 ) . To carry through appraisals societal workers are required to utilize the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families ( DoH et al. 2000 ) . This is a holistic ( DoH et al. 2000, p. 26 ) and ecological tool that has been influenced by the work of Bronfenbrenner ( 1979 ) who proposed that persons are shaped by their macro, exo, meso and microsystem s ( Bronfenbrenner, 1979 cited in Trevithick, 2012, p. 325 ) . When an appraisal is conducted with an ecological attack it gives a sociological context to the whole individual s life and can estimate the impacts of authorities policies on persons who are frequently in poorness ( Trevithick, 2012 ) . A practician who utilises an ecological position will understand how the constructions of society ( Jack, 2011 ) and the inequalities and hardships that some persons face within it can encroach on their life opportunities ( Trevithick, 2012 ) . It avoids individualising ( Trevithick, 2012, p. 326 ) jobs. Using the apprai sal model facilitates the practician in determining if a kid is in demand and how best to respond ( Ward and Glaser, 2010 ) which the societal worker will establish on current research findings ( DoH et al. , 2000 ) . Information is recorded about the kid s developmental demands ( Ward and Glaser, 2010, p. 160 ) and the health professionals capablenesss to react appropriately ( DoH et al. 2000, p. 12 ) . Whilst taking history of all other beginnings of household support and any environmental influences ( DoH et al. , 2000, p. 12 ) . Another important component in the appraisal model is information sharing between multi-agencies for best involvement determinations for the kid and household ( Rose, 2010, p. 44 ) . This is to avoid what has frequently been referred to as a silo manner of working ( Miers, 2010, p. 75 ) . Brandon et Al. ( 2009, p. 49 ) in their serious instance reappraisals have highlighted the lack of information sharing within and between professional bureaus ( Br andon et al. , ( 2009, p. 49 ) which has led to kids deceasing or enduring unnecessarily. Furthermore, under Working Together to Safeguard Children ( DCSF, 2010, p. 31 ) there is a legal demand to implement effective ( DCSF, 2010, p. 31 ) collaborative joint working ( DCSF, 2010, p. 31 ) between bureaus and multi-professionals who bring a scope of cognition and expertness into treatments. However, it is imperative that the societal worker consults with the household and seeks appropriate consent ( Rose, 2010, p. 44 ) except when or if a kid is suffering, or is at hazard of agony, important injury ( HM Government, 2012, p. 22 ) . This would be in harmony with authorities guidelines Information Sharing: Guidance for practicians and directors ( HM Government, 2012 ) . This is to protect the household from any over-zealous ( Brammer, 2010, p. 126 ) intervention and a consideration of the Human Rights Act 1998 Article 8 should be applied to the households state of affairs by any professionals involved in their lives. A practician should besides see the Rights of the Child under The United Nations Convention 1989 ( Brammer, 2010, p. 178 ) . Although these rights are non recognised under the United Kingdom domestic jurisprudence and normally the Gillick competence applies ( Brammer, 2010, 179 ) . Angela and Carl ( a instance survey within ) the Troubled Families study had asked for aid in relation to their boy Sam , unluckily this was non forthcoming. An entreaty for support and Sam s showing behavior should hold been an chance for early identification of any additional demand ( DCSF, 2012, p.84 ) . Professionals in wellness or instruction could hold implemented the Common Assessment Framework ( CAF ) with informed consent ( CWDC, 2012, p. 20 ) . Performing a CAF would hold identified Sam s extra demands as above and beyond cosmopolitan services ( CWCD, 2012 ) . The CAF is a combination of integrated frontline ( CWCD, 2012, p. 8 ) service proviso that is incorporated into statutory counsel ( CWCD, 2012, p. 8 ) of the Children Act 2004 under subdivision 10 ( multi-agency coaction ) and subdivision 11 ( protection and publicity of kids ) ( CWCD, 2012, p. 8 ) . Significantly, the local authorization, wellness and instruction ignored Angela s concerns and displayed an individualised attack ( Davis and Smith, 2012, p. 14 ) to Sam and his household. This may hold been because of the rationing ( Davis and Smith, 2012, p. 14 ) of services in societal attention. As a consequence of legion local governments losing 50 per cent of their kid in demand budget ( Community Care, 2011 ) . Professionals involved should hold endeavoured to understand the life issues ( Davis and Smith, 2012: p. 14 ) for Sam and contacted wellness and instr uction professionals that Working Together to Safeguard Children ( DCSF, 2010 ) requires. As an option, to an individualized attack the societal worker concerned could hold employed a choice of politically nuanced holistic theoretical accounts ( Davis and Smith, 2012, p. 18 ) to the intercession. These theoretical accounts harmonizing to Davis and Smith ( 2012 ) would let the societal worker to recognize that they are non the entire expert in state of affairss and accept that there are many forms of expertness ( Davis and Smith, 2012, p. 18 ) . The societal worker should hold identified Angela as the expert on her household and listened to her concerns. Dolan et Al. ( 2006, 2008 ) have differentiated several procedures to help the practician in family support work ( Dolan et al. 2006 cited in Davis and Smith, 2012, p. 19 ) . They propose that by placing a service user s resilience and strength ( Dolan et al. 2006, 2008 cited in Davis and Smith, 2012, p.19 ) a publicity of partnership working will be established for all persons concerned including the kid. ( Dolan et al. 2006 cited in Davis and Smith, 2012 P 19. ) . A societal worker should be accessible and listen to a kid s petitions and positions while sing their well-being and safety ( Dolan et al. 2006, 2008 cited in Davis and Smith, 2012, p.19 ) . This is a demand under subdivision 17 of the Children Act 1989 ( CA 1989 ) as amended by subdivision 53 of the Children Act 2004 ( CA 2004 ) to find the wishes and feelings of the kid ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.legislation.gov.uk ) . Using an ecological position to Sam would hold facilitated the practician into recognizing the impact of poor lodging on his mind, organic structure and emotions ( Davis and Smith, 2012, p.16 ) . An chance was missed by societal services to prosecute the household with a minimum intercession service ( Davis and Smith, 2012, p. 18 ) and connect Angela via a systems attack with some community resources and webs ( Mantle and Backwith, 2010, p. 2381 ) . The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families recognises the deductions of poorness and is determined to tackle the root causes of poorness and societal exclusion ( DoH et al. 2000, p.1 ) . However, Brewer et Al. ( 2009 ) challenge this claim, and note that in 2007 08 ; poorness for persons in the United Kingdom had increased to a total of 13.5 million . This has led to the highest degrees of income inequality since 1961 ( Brewer et al. , 2009 cited in Mantle and Backwith, 201, p. 2380 ) . It is critical hence that whilst carry oning an appraisal that the societal worker does non exhibit poverty sightlessness ( Becker, 1997 ; Dowling, 1999 cited in Gupta and Blewett, 2008, p. 462 ) and has consciousness of the effects poorness and how it can impact on rearing abilities. Service users in a collaborative research undertaking were asked their positions about what makes a good societal worker. They wanted practicians who were open and honest and could demon strate an apprehension that society every bit good as persons can make neglect ( Gupta and Blewett, 2008, p. 465 ) . The Listening to troubled households study was lacking in its deficiency of mention to poorness or social inequality ( Palmer, 2010 cited in Trevithick, 2012, p.77 ) . It did non discourse the multiple signifiers of subjugation ( Hick and Murray, 2009, p. 88 ) that dominant constructions ( Hick and Murray, 2009, p. 88 ) create. Hick and Murray, ( 2009, p. 88 ) suggest that the societal worker who uses a structural position would seek to underscore the class analysis of the oppressed person by the forces of dominant economic power ( Hick and Murray, 2009, p. 88 ) . They posit that this position has been influenced by a feminist analyses and the patriarchal ( Hick and Murray, 2009, p. 88 ) effects on household kineticss and work environments. As most societal workers and the receivers of services are adult females ( Balloch, 1997 ; Howe, 1986 ) a societal worker could use a feminist position to inform their pattern and advocator for fairer rights and chances ( Orme, 2009, p. 6 7 ) with these peculiar households. The societal worker should be politically enlightened to enable them to run for the collective involvements of working-class ( Orme, 2009, p. 67 ) groups. Leading to a acknowledgment of full economic and societal rights ( Bryson, 1999 cited in Orme, 2009, p.67 ) . Nicole who was a participants from the study had been raped at the age of four by her stepbrother, started enduring depression, it all got excessively much ( Casey, 2012, 34 ) and was subjected to domestic maltreatment and colza by an ex-partner. Nicole was devouring intoxicant and a speed nut and was showing with anti-social behavior ( Casey, 2012, p.34 ) . Research from Widom Spatz and Sturmhofel ( 2001 ) note that the experience of being abused as a kid can increase a individual s likeliness for intoxicant related jobs as an grownup. It could be hypothesised that Nicole was utilizing intoxicant and drugs as a signifier of self-medication and to derive control of an oppressive life state of affairs. Research indicates, that Dylan Nicole s boy or kids of parents who abuse substances may be at hazard of hapless fond regards to health professionals ( Brooks and Rice 1997 ; Klee et Al. 1998 ; Howe et Al. 1999 ; Flores 2001 ) , hard interpersonal household relationships ( Cleaver et al. 1999 ; Velleman and Orford 1999 ; Harbin and Murphy 2000 ) and a well increased hazard of force ( Brookoff et al. 1997 ) . The histories of kids whose parents have or are misapplying substances have been procured by an rating of research surveies by Kroll, ( 2004 ) . Subjects that emerged from the research surveies were attachment, separation and loss ( Kroll, 2004, 133 ) kids spoke about being 2nd best and maintaining secrets. †¦When you see em make drugs long plenty you know you re non figure one ; you know you re ever put 2nd and the drugs are put first†¦ ( Jessica aged 15, in Howland Thompson 1998, cited in Kroll, 2004, 133 ) . The research highlighted the kids s losingss and deficiency of reliable, consistent and antiphonal ( Kroll, 2004, 133 ) parenting, their deficiency of confidence and self-worth, ( Kroll, 2004, 133 ) and the loss of an ordinary life in which they would be able to ask for friends place or attend school systematically ( Cork 1969 ; Howlan d Thompson 1998 ) . In the kids s narrations they wanted professionals to appreciate their hurt on the interior ( Kroll, 2004, 136 ) and non to be invisible ( Kroll, 2004, 136 ) . The local authorization are compelled under the CA 1989 portion III to back up households who need aid conveying up kids and work in partnership with health professional s ( DoH et al. , 2000 ) . However, after the execution of the CA 1989 it was discovered through Messages from Research ( DoH, 1995 ) that a concentration on child protection had created a famine of services for the kid in demand ( Morris, 2012, p. 14 ) . This was supported by the Victoria Climbi A ; eacute ; enquiry as Laming ( 2003, p. 6 ) asserted that normally the safest protection for the kid was timely intercession of household support services†¦ In response to the enquiry, the Green Paper, Every Child Matters ( 2003 ) was introduced ( Parton, 2006, p. 151 ) . Its remit was to concentrate on universal ( Parton, 2006, p. 152 ) services for all kids and targeted ( Parton, 2006, p. 152 ) services for kids with any farther auxiliary demands. The Laming enquiry ( 2003 ) made recommendations that were instigated by New Labour who envisaged service commissariats that were based around preventative services and early intercession ( Driscoll, 2009, 335 ) . These services took the signifier of Sure Start, the Children s Fund and Connexions ( Morris, 2012, 16 ) . However, the commissariats that New Labour implemented failed to prosecute the households with the most abiding and complex ( Morris, 2012, p.16 ) demands. Therefore, like the predating CA 1989 which had ignored children in demand ( Morris, 2012, p. 17 ) and the subsequent Children Act ( 2004 ) which had failed to make more complex households, policy drivers had become confusing and sometimes contradictory ( Morris, 2012: 17 ) . The argument around early intercession ( DoH et al. , 2000: eleven ) have evolved from New Labour s modernisation docket and their effort to run into the demands of a globalised economic system ( Frost and Parton, 2009, 25 ) . However, these constructs can be traced back, to when the Conservative authorities who had ab initio gained power in 1979 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk ) and introduced managerialism and a assorted economic system of attention into the administration of societal services sections ( Frost and Parton, 2009 ) . Equally good as advancing economy, efficiency and effectivity ( Frost and Parton, 2009, p. 24 ) the Conservatives were concerned with encouraging services that were transparent and accountable ( Frost and Parton, 2009, p. 25 ) . When New Labour was elected in 1997 they adopted ( Chard and Ayre, 2010: p. 96 ) many of the Conservative policies and enforced performance marks, review governments and conference tabular arraies ( Frost a nd Parton, 2009, p. 25 ) . However, Ferguson ( 2004, p. 4 ) postulates that New Labour went further and has embraced the market with a passion and enthusiasm which frequently leaves the Conservatives standing Numerous observers ( Dixon et al. , 1998, cited in Chard and Ayre, 2010, p. 95 ) assert that managerialism has been regarded as a market goaded solution to a public service problem . Lonne et Al. ( 2008 ) argue that a managerialist position does non appreciate the significance of organizing trusting, professional, relationships with service users. Ferguson ( 2010 ) clarifies this as the absence of societal work engagement with kids and households as societal workers have been progressively drawn into an office based environment. Therefore, any direct contact with households is limited with the societal worker orchestrating services and carry throughing disposal responsibilities. This leaves no clip harmonizing to Peckover et Al. ( 2008 ) for interpersonal communicating betwe en the practician and household. Broadhurst et Al. ( 2010, p. 363 ) bemoans this result as the infinite between help-seeker and help-provider is steadily widening . Munroe ( 2011 ) in her concluding study on child protection stressed that professionals have found it progressively hard to prolong any direct work with kids and their households. This is because of the load of statutory counsel, marks and local regulations ( Munroe, 2011, p. 6 ) . Crippling ( 2009: 10 ) reiterates these claims by asseverating that †¦ultimately the safety of a kid depends on staff holding the clip, cognition and accomplishment to understand the kid or immature individual and their household fortunes . In decision this essay has explored the Listening to Troubled Families ( Casey, 2012 ) study and as Levitas ( 2012, p. 4 ) notes The job is non the research itself, but its abuse and the Coalitions effort to misdirect the populace. It has applied societal work theories and methods to some persons and debated It has debated modern-day

Heat Transfer from Steam to Water Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Heat Transfer from Steam to Water - Lab Report Example This research is derived from the basic knowledge of heat energy. The heat content of an object is reflected in the temperature behavior in the object. In the process of evaporation, it is clear that steam gives up the latent heat of vaporization to an object subjected to it, leading to condensation on the surface (Incropera and Dewitt 49). The object of condensation carries a sensible heat at the same temperature as that of the original steam. The experiment tests the pattern and rate of heat flow from steam to the object on which condensation takes place. In the steam, the latent heat of vaporization is generated instantly while condensation of the steam to water takes place. From the background of evaporation, the quantity of latent heat is between 2 to5 times more than the quantity of the sensible heat in the water after it cools (Fan 77). The data collected will be used to conduct analysis and test the hypothesis be plotting the relationship between the transfer rate and the rate of flow of the heat. The principal purpose of this project is to test the heat transfer as the steam changes to liquid water. This requires an important process of determining the quantity of heat energy consumed during the entire procedure of condensing the steam. It also aims to estimate the quantity of the latent heat used in other processes. Like in the case of boiling, heat is used to transform water into steam. This experiment compares the heat spent in heating water to its boiling point that released during condensation of the steam. Finally, this experiment evaluates the manner of heat transfer in condensation to find out if the temperature changes in the process. The equipment in this project includes a tank, pumps, heat exchanger, steam jet vacuum, surface condenser. This experiment is to compute the coefficient of heat transfer.  

Grammatical information from the Lexicon is fundamental to sentence Essay

Grammatical information from the Lexicon is fundamental to sentence syntax - Essay Example These assumptions might also change what is thought to be involved in lexical and phrasal processing. As we discuss below, these assumptions imply a notion of lexical processing that bears considerably more responsibility for the combinatory analysis of language. Psycholinguistics has not been alone in this focus on the lexical aspects of combinatory process. Syntactic theory has increasingly moved detailed combinatory information into the lexicon, where individual lexical items are associated directly with their syntactic combinatory options. The field of applied parsing in computational linguistics has also seen a shift toward lexicalization. Many have recognized the effectiveness of coding these syntactic options as tendencies. In doing so, statistical natural language processing systems have begun to be able to recover the grammatical structure of novel sentences with astonishing accuracy. These movements in linguistics and computational linguistics touch on many of the same issues that have given rise to the development of constraint based lexicalist theories of parsing in psycholinguistics. ... Some of the best support for this view has come from on-line studies of reading, which have shown that the sub categorization and thematic role tendencies of individual verbs can guide the resolution of local syntactic ambiguity. For instance, Garnsey examined readers' abilities to resolve temporary syntactic ambiguities involving classic direct object/sentence complement ambiguity. The use of lexical priming techniques in psycholinguistics has arguably been a highly effective tool for studying both the content of lexical representations and the time course with which such information is activated. For example, priming has been used to map the time course of activation of phonological and orthographic information during word recognition as well as the activation of the alternative meanings of ambiguous words. In most cases, however, the tasks used in these studies to measure participants reaction to target words are unlikely to be influenced by any hypothesized co activation of sub categorization or thematic role information, because such information is typically not relevant to successful execution of these tasks. Moreover, tasks that are sensitive to this sort of information, such as collection of reading times on individual words during sentence comprehension, have not been amenable to lexical priming techniques because the introduction of consciously perceiv ed prime word, mid sentence, would catastrophically disrupt the ongoing comprehension of the sentence as a whole. In the early 1990's, however, Rayner and colleagues introduced a covert lexical intervention technique, dubbed fast priming, which allowed for the study of lexical priming

Malaysia Is A Fast Developing Country Environmental Sciences Essay

Malaysia Is A Fast Developing Country Environmental Sciences Essay Malaysia is a fast developing country that its change from an agro-based to an industrial nation, has led to an increase in the population. Malaysias population increased rapidly from 6 278 800 in 1957 to an estimated 29,179,952 in July 2012. Thus, the amount of solid wastes generated in Malaysia also increases rapidly. Statistic shows that on average, each Malaysian produces 0.8 kg to 1.2 kg of wastes per day (The Star, 2009). About 23,000 tonnes of wastes are produced each day in Malaysia. However, this amount is expected to rise to 30,000 tonnes by the year 2020 (Global Environmental Centre, 2008). The amount of wastes generated continues to increase due to the increasing population and development. Problem Statement There are different alternatives to reduce, treat and dispose the solid wastes. However, landfill is still the most common practice for solid waste management. Sanitary landfill for solid waste management is defined as an engineered method of disposing of solid wastes on land by spreading them in thin layers, compacting them to the smallest practical volume, and covering them with soil each working day in a manner that protects the environment (Brunner and Keller, 1972). There are 230 official dumping sites in Malaysia, the majority of which are crude landfills, with only 10% providing leachate treatment ponds and gas ventilation systems and with most having no control mechanism and supervision. However, the landfill method causes generation of leachate (Galbrand, 2003). Leachate is defined as a liquid that has percolated through solid waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials (EEA, 2005). Leachate occurrence is by far the most significant threat to ground water. Once it reaches the bottom of the landfill or an impermeable layer within the landfill, leachate either travels laterally to a point where it discharges to the groundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s surface as a seep, or it will move through the base of the landfill and into the subsurface formations (El-Fadel et al., 1997). Depending upon the nature of these formations and in the absence of a leachate collection system, leachate has reportedly been associated with the contamination of aqu ifers underlying landfills which resulted in extensive investigations for the past four decades (Albaiges et al., 1986; Mann and Schmadeke, 1986). Leachate contains high concentration of organic matter, inorganic matter (sodium chloride and carbonate salt) and heavy metal (Trebouet et al., 2001). Organic matter in leachate results in decomposition by microorganisms and causes oxygen depletion in surface water bodies (Schwartz, 2005). This favours anaerobic conditions which are detrimental to the aquatic life. The anaerobic micro flora is responsible for putrefactive processes which are characterized by the production of different types of toxic and noxious compounds (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and phosphine) as final products of the organic matter degradation. Oxygen deficiency and toxic substance from anaerobic metabolism cause fish death and impairment of aquatic life. Therefore, since leachate can affect aquatic ecosystems and human health, proper leachate treatment is needed befo re leachate is discharged into receiving water (Paredes, 2003). Nutrients such as nitrate, ammonia and phosphate (along with co-contaminants such as pathogens, chemicals, and animal pharmaceuticals) are also found in leachate. High levels of nitrate, phosphate and ammonia in our lakes, rivers, streams, and drinking water sources cause the degradation of these water bodies and harm fish, wildlife, and human health. For example, at levels above 10 mg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) in ground water, nitrates can cause human health effects, such as blue baby syndrome to pregnant woman. The current conventional leachate treatment systems are physical-chemical treatment, recirculation of leachate through landfill and biological treatment (El-Gendy, 2003). Physical-chemical treatment includes chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption and ammonia stripping (Ehrig, 1989). Precipitation in physical-chemical treatment is based on the addition of any chemicals to remove suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, ammonia and metal. The physical-chemical treatment processes can produce high quality effluents, adapt to wide variations in flow and chemical composition and have the ability to remove toxic substances from leachate (Shams-Khorzani et al., 1994). However, these treatment systems are difficult to operate and require highly skilled labor besides high capital and operating costs. Some of these processes even require extensive pretreatment process (Britz, 1995). As a conclusion, the conventional treatment sy stems are effective in treating leachate. However, they require highly skilled labour and involve both high capital and operating cost. Therefore, constructed wetland was developed as an alternative to treat leachate in this research since constructed wetland has low cost of construction and maintenance (El-Gendy, 2003). The type of wetland used in this study is a combined system of subsurface flow (SS) and free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland. 1.3 Objectives The main objectives of this study are; To determine the nutrients (phosphate, nitrate and ammonia) removal from landfill leachate using combined subsurface and free water surface flow in constructed wetland between planted and control (without plant) system. To determine the nutrients removal in different hydraulic loading rate (HLR). To compare the percentage removal between subsurface (SS) and free water surface (FWS) in both planted and control system. To determine the uptake of nutrients by plants, Limnocharis flava in the subsurface (SS) and Eichhornia crassipes in free water surface (FWS). 1.4 Scope of Study The scope of this study is leachate treatment by setting up of lab-scaled wetland. The leachate was collected from landfill in Padang Siding and initial concentration of phosphate, nitrate and ammonia were analysed. Then, experiments were conducted with 25% leachate concentration diluted with water in a 60 L container being treated in two different planted and control reactors. Initially, Limnocharis flava plants were planted in the subsurface (SS) tank and Eichhornia crassipes was placed in the free water surface (FWS) tank in planted reactor and left for a few days for acclimatization process while no plant was placed in control reactor. The experiments were conducted with two different hydraulic loading rates which were high hydraulic loading rate (0.55 m/d) and low hydraulic loading rate (0.39 m/d). The efficiency of nutrients removal in leachate was evaluated by few parameters which were phosphate, nitrate and ammonia. The uptake of nutrients by plants in leaf, stem and root was also analysed as well as monitoring the physical plant growth in terms of physical appearance throughout the experiments. 1.5 Importance of Study The research was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient removal from landfill leachate in a combined system of subsurface and free water surface constructed wetland as well as to determine the nutrient uptake by plants. This nutrients removal was done by phytoremediation process by plants. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up or control many kinds of pollutants including metals, pesticides and oil (McCutcheon, 2008). Phytoremediation is a potential method to treat leachate naturally in low cost. It is an environmentally friendly approach to remove pollutants from leachate. Therefore, phytoremediation can be practically used in landfill sites as constructed wetland to remove nutrients from landfill leachate. The plants used in constructed wetland can be Limnocharis flava in the subsurface and Eichhornia crassipes in free water surface. This research was also conducted to determine the most efficient loading rate for the leachate flow in constructed wetland in removing nutrients effectively. The loading rate plays an important role since the leachate flow also determines the uptake of nutrients by the plants. This research was also conducted to determine the ability of plants, Limnocharis flava and Eichhornia crassipes to uptake nutrients from the leachate.

Close Reading of Merwin’s Odysseus Essay

The subject in W.S. Merwin’s poem â€Å"Odysseus† feels comfortable only at sea, and, because such a notion is atypical, he cannot articulate or understand where his true home actually is. oAt peace at sea: â€Å"patience / He has wedded to† Numerous islands, but â€Å"one to call ‘home’,† even though he Merwin never specifies which island Odysseus really calls home   Ã¢â‚¬Å"which †¦ / Was the one he kept sailing home to?† †¢W.S. Merwin’s speaker in â€Å"Odysseus† is concerned about his romantic interests. â€Å"Wedded† to his adventures, he experiences a schism when interacting with the women he meets on various islands. oâ€Å"Put before him, the unraveling patience / He was wedded to† â€Å"There were the islands / Each with its woman† Odysseus seems to have a woman on each island, and, not knowing which island is home, seems not to be particularly loyal to any one of them. oIndeed, Odysseus later even says that â€Å"The knowledge of all that he betrayed / Grew till it was the same whether he stayed / Or went.† The only constant in his life is, certainly, his oceanic adventure, which, while there may be many, never change noticeably in c ontent. †¢A world-weary Odysseus relives his adventures in a repetitive, never-changing cycle, losing sight of the difference between ill-wishers and home. oJaded tone: â€Å"always the setting forth was the same,† â€Å"he had got nowhere but older,† â€Å"identical reproaches,† â€Å"it was the same whether he stayed or went† †¢The speaker in â€Å"Odysseus† roams the world, traveling in repetitive circles, hoping to allay the guilt that plagues him for â€Å"betray[ing]† so many women. oClaiming that â€Å"The knowledge of all that he betrayed / Grew till it was the same whether he stayed / Or went,† Odysseus looks for solace from the guilt he experiences from not staying true to any one woman. oWhile his days are repetitive and unchanging, his adventures are a constant, and Odysseus is able to consider himself â€Å"wedded† to that â€Å"unraveling patience† he can keep coming back to after days on land. †¢While Merwin’s speaker in Odysseus at times is unable to differentiate between those who wish him perils and those who remain remote and true, he continuously sails â€Å"home,† even while unable to define where home really is. â€Å"What wonder / If sometimes he could not remember / Which was the one who wished on his departure / Perils that he could never sail through, / And which, improbable, remote, and true, / Was the one he kept sailing home to?† Merwin rhetorically asks the listener to judge whether it really is Odysseus’s fault that he cannot distinguish between his ill-wishers and his home community. oWho is wishing Odysseus perils? Quite possible one of the women to which he was disloyal, and because there have been so many (every island, apparently), he now knows not which women still love him and which do not. †¢W.S. Merwin describes in his poem â€Å"Odysseus† the rift many experience when separating themselves from their interpretations of the norm. oOdysseus is accustomed to life as a traveler, with no real home on land. He also does not appear to be married to a woman; rather, he claims to be â€Å"wedded to† an â€Å"unraveling patience.† However, while he is habituated to his daily life, to an outsider, Odysseus lives atypically. oOdysseus recognizes this fissure, but instead of living comfortably without regards to how others perceive him, he questions himself and attempts to shape his world into a way that outsiders would understand.

Emo Subculture

The Sensitive Subculture A skinny white boy dressed with long black hair, a tight-fitting vintage t-shirt, a pair of torn black skinny jeans and checkerboard converse sneakers walks on stage, strums his skull-covered guitar and sings. Emo is a subculture that heavily relies on emotion, mostly sadness and depression, and takes the emotions to an extreme; emo is short for emotional hardcore. The people in the emo subculture focus on emotion because they do not want to conform to the laid-back popular culture.They express their emotion through a unique music genre, fashion, and a melodramatic attitude in order to distance themselves from the common pop culture. The emo subculture originated from a style of music that mainly focuses on expressing man’s emotions through lyrics about love, anger, and hurt. The music genre conveys women as sexual muses, victimizing the man. While the music of the pop culture welcomes and encourages women sexuality, emo music has made women the origin of emotional pain for men, depicting them as â€Å"heartbreakers. † The music also creates messages about emos feeling isolated.For instance, the image of the album cover for the emo band, silverstein, shows a boy with long hair, wearing tight jeans, sitting alone, and weeping. In their album, Silverstein sings about, love, anger, hurt, and isolation, so the album cover reflects what the music in the album is about. Along with love, anger and hurt, emo music also sings about violence. Blood, kill, dead, hate, and pain are some common lyrics that are used in emo music and are usually directly related to women. The lyrics suggest that women cause pain for men; however, in the common pop culture, men are the ones who are inflicting pain on women.The emo subculture breaks away from this by reversing it. This rebellion is expressed through the emotional music and lyrics of the emo subculture. Along with music, the emo subculture expresses their emotion through a unique recessive fashion. The typical emo fashion consists of skinny jeans, tight t-shirts, zip-up hooded jackets, studded belts, converse or skate shoes, black nail polish, eye liner on both genders, and the notorious emo hairstyle. The typical hairstyle is comprised of long, straightened, black bangs brushed to one side of the face covering one or both eyes.In the second image, the boy’s thick black hair is covering both of his eyes completely. The way his hair covers his eyes, shared with the black shirt signifies how he wants to be secluded, and concealed in the dark. He does not want to see others and does not want others to see him. While the dress of pop culture is very brand driven, baggier, and represents how the culture is open, the slim fitted clothing the emos wear shows how they keep to themselves, focus on themselves, and worry about themselves in order to remain distant from the mainstream fashion.One cannot identify someone as being in a subculture just because of his or her f ashion or musical tastes; the attitude of a person must also be considered. The attitude of the emo subculture can be described as shy, quiet, sensitive, glum, mysterious, self-pitying, and introverted. A typical emo teenager in high school usually sits alone in the corner of the class, keeps to himself, and almost always looks depressed; If he is found with other people, it will usually be with other emos. The subculture has a unique attitude towards life as well.Emos feel that no one accepts them, so they outcast themselves, and view the world around them in a more emotional way. For example, if a common teenager was rejected by a group of people playing basketball because there was already even teams, he would pay casually accept it, and go on with his day. But, if an emo teenager was rejected, he would he would take it personally by assuming it was because they do not socially accept him. Emos tend to over exaggerate the emotions that one might usually feel.They express these em otions through the attitude they have towards life and everyday experiences in order to break away from the pop culture. The emo subculture uses intense emotion to rebel against the common pop culture by over exaggerating the simple emotions one feels in everyday life, showing how they want to be recluse by the way they dress, and singing lyrics of strong emotion. On the stage, the vocalist cries as he sings lyrics of how the woman he loved has left him feeling heartbroken and isolated. Emo Subculture The Emo subculture consists of two distinct groups. The Emo Subculture The term â€Å"Emo† that is now applied to individuals originated as short hand for â€Å"Emotional music† Traditional Emo Sub-Culture This â€Å"emotional music† draws from a broad range of contemporary genres linked with the common consistent themes of emotionally vivid views often associated with adolescence. For many youths of the mid-80s this music functioned as a safe-haven for emotional expression.Over time a subculture was formed around this mutual appreciation and in turn became a safe-haven where youths could freely express themselves while facilitating social interactions and identity formation for these introspective people. From this sprang the Emo subculture that rejected the mainstream in favor of independent performances. Additionally this culture allowed individuals to express their societal views with like minded people, creating the activist stance they are known for today.A s the popularity of the Emo movement grew it became much more accessible to the mainstream industry. Modern Emo Subculture As a result a re-invention of the music and culture was spawned and became the Modern Emo Subculture. While sharing many traits with the traditional Emo this new subculture embraced the mainstream direction of the Emo-music. In time the modern Emo would drift further from it's origins and the previously extreme individualism and non-conformist outlook was replaced with the familiar features of a Trend.This change in outlook paved the way for the signature style Emos are known for today as fans of popular Emo bands began to emulate their idols in both dress and style. The modern day Emo has ironically become heavily influenced by mainstream media and popular figures Emo Influences The Seven P's Marketing to Emos The product we are offering is a clothing range suited to the Emo culture.Product Our product will be differentiated from our competitors in a variety of ways. Our primary method of differentiation will be through the careful establishment of specific product affiliation to key Emo cultural figures and rallying points. We have targeted our approach in this manner to make efficient use of the insular nature of this subculture, making endorsements and sponsorships significantly more effective then those of more traditional consumer bases.The products we offer will also be recognised and differentiated by design. Our products will incorporate patches and logos with popular political, socio-economic and human interest messages much in the same way that many other clothing lines promote bands and groups. It is our belief that the Emo subculture will respond well to the clothing styles with which they are familiar, coupled with the opportunity to express their beliefs and individualism.The price management of the product will be integral to the success of this project Price Entering the Market Place We plan to enter the market in a less t raditional manner in order to take advantage of The Emo's specific traits In the initial stages of our entry to the market we will be undertaking projects to distribute our products at Indie rock music festivals. In particular targeting specific â€Å"up and coming† independent bands and groups Through this we believe we will be able to achieve some portion of the fans devotion to these groups securing customer loyalty while simultaneously achieving our primary goal of brand affiliation.In tandem with this approach we will be selling our products in our own online stores Only after completing our initial placement will our products be offered in retail stores We make this decision with the belief that this approach will generate a sense of exclusivity and hype within the Emo subculture to appeal to the individual nature of our consumer base We are confident that this can be facilitated through the use of social networking sites, in which the Emo subculture is highly active.Pr omotion is one of the cornerstones of our product implementation plan Promotion In addition to this our clothing range will not be separated into the traditional men's and women's categories. Instead we will offer a single androgynous clothing line to match the style and needs of our consumer base. To further facilitate the individuality of the Emo subculture our online stores will allow customers semi-custom design of their purchase through a set selection of logos and logo locations.Allowing customers to choose which message is displayed on what part of their clothing. E. g. A customer may choose to display a pro-vegan logo on the left shoulder or the right breast pocket. We shall be undertaking a number of promotional activities in order to achieve our brand recognition and product affiliation goals. As mentioned in previous sections it is our primary goal to affiliate our products with popular Emo bands and figures, such as Avenged Sevenfold and My Chemical Romance, as well as w ith key concepts and issues important to the Emo subculture.We can achieve this through advertisement at popular concerts either including the acts directly or through banners and posters Additionally we will be hosting giveaway events at concerts with free t-shirts, jackets and other clothing in order to further promote our brand image within the Emo subculture It is also our intention to host sales stalls at charity events with partial proceeds of these sales being donated to the charity in question.Many charity events are popular within the Emo subculture and this is an important opportunity for our corporation to further its image of sharing the same fundamental values as our consumer base. Of course we will also be implementing advertisement activities though social media such as Facebook and Blogging sites. The Emo culture has an active presence on these sites and it represents a cost effective process of engaging our target market.In our dealings with a characteristically exp ressive consumer base it is important to ensure enjoyable interactions People By distributing our products through popular Emo retail stores such as we will be ensuring that the staff will be able to relate to the customer This is important within the Emo culture as fashion is treated as a social statement As we will also be selling our products at concerts, music festivals and charity events, it is imperative we employ staff that can understand and relate to the Emo culture.This has the added benefit of requiring less training for these low level retail positions It is important to make the purchasing process an enjoyable experience Process This is especially true when dealing with such a close-knit and outspoken community. With such specialist products word of mouth could make or break.In order to achieve this we will be focusing on our employees being capable of rapport with the customer and individual opinion on choices as well as the implementation of our online customisation o ptions Emos are characterised as creative and expressive, it is our belief that these customisation options and the ability to discuss their choices with like minded individuals will greatly enhance their experience.Depending upon the success of the customisation function we may implement a custom order system for the independent retailers Physical Evidence Cost plus pricing strategy will be used to target segment with high disposable income Through analysis of the physical evidence we will be able to determine the suitability of our product range Joey Keifouz Ronald Mills Peter Whitehead The Emo Tribe Factors which increase subculture influence Emos and the Macro-environment Demographic environment †¢Increasing diversity: the population in Australia s becoming more ethnically diverse, which increases international exposure through personal relationships. Economic environment †¢Increases in consumer spending: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 2. 5% over the previous yea r, which translates to an increase in total spending of the same amount. Natural environment †¢Environmental sustainability: Our product will be developed using environmentally sustainable resources.Technological environment †¢Manufacturing innovation: technology is constantly increasing manufacturing capabilities and reducing production costs †¢Social media: The advent of social media has increased advertising exposure for many subcultures including Emo. Political and social environment †¢Increased ethical and social responsibility: product designs are politically influenced and promote messages of responsibility.Factors which decrease subculture influence Emos and the Macro-environment Cultural environment †¢View of nature: the increasing amount of the population which believes in natural responsibility will increase the popularity of our product range. Demographic environment †¢Changing age structure: the average age of the Australian population is s lowly increasing. The Emo subculture is traditionally comprised of older teens and young adults. This will decrease the available market. Demographic environment (cont. ) †¢Geographical population shifts: populations are moving away from capital cities.This not only decreases exposure to Emo subculture, but also decreases advertising effectiveness. Demographic environment (cont. ) †¢More professional population: The rise of professionalism is likely to reduce the popularity of Emo subculture. Economic environment †¢Changes in consumer spending patterns: retail sales have decreased for 2012, eg. From June sales have dropped by 0. 8% Natural environment †¢Environmental disasters: There is always possibilities of natural disasters such as fire and flood which could damage manufacturing capabilities.Political and social environment †¢Changes in legislation: increasing legal restrictions may influence our products. Eg, legislation which bans public political stat ements would cause a sharp decrease in sales. Sales data will be collected from retail and online stores Analysis also reveals success rate of marketing strategies towards Emo segment Online â€Å"secret shopper† to obtain consumer perspective on our product range As a subculture based upon a musical genre the â€Å"non-conformist† Emo may indeed be more heavily influenced then thers Influences upon the Modern Day Emo are not limited to that of high profile bands and celebrities In today's society the Emo is easily recognised by their dark fitted clothing, distinctive hairstyles and overall androgynous approach to fashion. Due to the interconnection of the subculture Emos receive significant influence from their peers resulting in partial feedback causing core issues to self maintain within the society Of this group of peers some Emos have themselves achieved semi-celebrity status as bloggers and rallying points for the Emo subculture