Deception Point Page 53 Free Essays

Crash. Crash. Crash. We will compose a custom paper test on Misdirection Point Page 53 or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now THUD†¦ Crash. Crash. Crash. â€Å"There’s†¦ no time†¦ † Tolland said. It’s not†¦ about us, she thought. It’s about the data in my pocket. Rachel imagined the implicating GPR printout inside the Velcro pocket of her Mark IX suit. I have to get the GPR printout under the control of the NRO†¦ and soon. Indeed, even in her dazed state, Rachel was sure her message would be gotten. In the mid-eighties, the NRO had supplanted the SAA with an exhibit multiple times as incredible. All out worldwide inclusion: Classic Wizard, the NRO’s $12 million ear to the sea floor. In the following scarcely any hours the Cray supercomputers at the NRO/NSA listening post in Menwith Hill, England, would hail a peculiar succession in one of the Arctic’s hydrophones, interpret the beating as a SOS, triangulate the directions, and dispatch a salvage plane from Thule Air Force Base in Greenland. The plane would discover three bodies on an ice shelf. Solidified. Dead. One would be a NRO employee†¦ and she would convey a bizarre bit of warm paper in her pocket. A GPR printout. Norah Mangor’s last heritage. At the point when the rescuers examined the printout, the puzzling addition burrow underneath the shooting star would be uncovered. From that point, Rachel had no clue about what might occur, however in any event the mystery would not kick the bucket with them here on the ice. 60 Each president’s progress into the White House includes a private voyage through three vigorously watched distribution centers containing inestimable assortments of past White House furniture: work areas, flatware, agencies, beds, and different things utilized by past presidents as far back as George Washington. During the visit, the progressing president is welcome to choose any legacies he prefers and use them as decorations inside the White House during his term. Just the bed in the Lincoln Bedroom is a lasting White House installation. Amusingly, Lincoln never rested in it. The work area at which Zach Herney was as of now sitting inside the Oval Office had once had a place with his golden calf, Harry Truman. The work area, however little by present day gauges, filled in as a day by day suggestion to Zach Herney that the â€Å"buck† did in fact stop here, and that Herney was at last answerable for any deficiencies of his organization. Herney acknowledged the obligation as a respect and put forth a valiant effort to ingrain in his staff the inspirations to do whatever it took to take care of business. â€Å"Mr. President?† his secretary got out, peering into the workplace. â€Å"Your call just went through.† Herney waved. â€Å"Thank you.† He went after his telephone. He would have favored some protection for this call, yet he sure as hellfire was not going to get any of that at the present time. Two cosmetics masters floated like gnats, jabbing and preparing at his face and hair. Legitimately before his work area, a TV team was setting up, and an interminable multitude of counselors and PR individuals dashed around the workplace, enthusiastically examining methodology. T less one hour†¦ Herney squeezed the lit up button on his private telephone. â€Å"Lawrence? You there?† â€Å"I’m here.† The NASA administrator’s voice sounded devoured, removed. â€Å"Everything OK up there?† â€Å"Storm’s as yet moving in, yet my kin disclose to me the satellite connection won't be influenced. We’re all set. One hour and counting.† â€Å"Excellent. Spirits high, I hope.† â€Å"Very high. My staff’s energized. Actually, we simply shared some beers.† Herney chuckled. â€Å"Glad to hear it. See, I needed to call and thank you before we do this thing. Tonight’s going to be a serious night.† The manager stopped, sounding strangely unsure. â€Å"That it will, sir. We’ve been sitting tight quite a while for this.† Herney delayed. â€Å"You sound exhausted.† â€Å"I need some daylight and a genuine bed.† â€Å"One more hour. Grin for the cameras, appreciate the occasion, and afterward we’ll get a plane up there to take you back to D.C.† â€Å"Looking forward to it.† The man fell quiet once more. As a gifted moderator, Herney was prepared to tune in, to hear what was being said between the lines. Something in the administrator’s voice shouted out in some way or another. â€Å"You sure everything’s alright up there?† â€Å"Absolutely. All frameworks go.† The manager appeared to be anxious to change the subject. â€Å"Did you see the polished product of Michael Tolland’s documentary?† â€Å"Just viewed it,† Herney said. â€Å"He did a phenomenal job.† â€Å"Yes. You made a decent call bringing him in.† â€Å"Still distraught at me for including civilians?† â€Å"Hell, yes.† The chairman snarled great naturedly, his voice with the standard solidarity to it. It caused Herney to feel better. Ekstrom’s fine, Herney thought. Only somewhat drained. â€Å"Okay, I’ll see you in an hour by means of satellite. We’ll give ’em something to talk about.† â€Å"Right.† â€Å"Hey, Lawrence?† Herney’s voice developed low and grave at this point. â€Å"You’ve done one serious thing up there. I won’t ever overlook it.† Outside the habisphere, rocked by wind, Delta-Three battled to right and repack Norah Mangor’s toppled gear sled. When all the hardware was back locally available, he secured the vinyl top and hung Mangor’s dead body over the top, secures her. As he was planning to drag the sled off base, his two accomplices came skimming up the ice sheet toward him. â€Å"Change of plans,† Delta-One got out over the breeze. â€Å"The other three went over the edge.† Delta-Three was not shocked. He additionally realized what it implied. The Delta Force’s plan to organize a mishap by orchestrating four dead bodies on the ice rack was not, at this point a reasonable alternative. Leaving a solitary body would offer more conversation starters than answers. â€Å"Sweep?† he inquired. Delta-One gestured. â€Å"I’ll recoup the flares and both of you dispose of the sled.† While Delta-One deliberately followed the scientists’ way, gathering each and every hint that anybody had been there by any stretch of the imagination, Delta-Three and his accomplice descended the icy mass with the loaded gear sled. In the wake of battling over the embankments, they at last arrived at the cliff toward the finish of the Milne Ice Shelf. They gave a push, and Norah Mangor and her sled slipped quietly over the edge, plunging into the Arctic Ocean. Decisive victory, Delta-Three idea. As they went to base, he was satisfied to see the breeze pulverizing the tracks made by their skis. 61 The atomic submarine Charlotte had been positioned in the Arctic Ocean for five days at this point. Its quality here was exceptionally arranged. A Los Angeles-class sub, the Charlotte was intended to â€Å"listen and not be heard.† Its forty-two tons of turbine motors were suspended on springs to hose any vibration they may cause. In spite of its necessity for covertness, the LA-class sub had probably the biggest impression of any surveillance sub in the water. Extending in excess of 360 feet from nose to harsh, the frame, whenever set on a NFL football field, would squash the two goal lines to say the least. Multiple times the length of the U.S. Navy’s first Holland-class submarine, the Charlotte dislodged 6,927 tons of water when completely lowered and could voyage at an amazing thirty-five bunches. The vessel’s typical cruising profundity was simply underneath the thermocline, a characteristic temperature inclination that misshaped sonar reflections from above and made the sub undetectable to surface radar. With a team of 148 and max jump profundity of more than fifteen hundred feet, the vessel spoke to the cutting edge submarine and was the maritime workhorse of the United States Navy. Its evaporative electrolysis oxygenation framework, two atomic reactors, and built arrangements enabled it to circumnavigate the globe twenty-one times without surfacing. Human waste from the group, as on most journey ships, was packed into sixty-pound squares and launched out into the sea the enormous blocks of excrement tongue in cheek alluded to as â€Å"whale turds.† Instructions to refer to Deception Point Page 53, Essay models

Stars And Space Essay Example For Students

Stars And Space Essay Demise for Your CountryIs it brilliant to pass on for your nation?. This inquiry has been presented to numerous youngsters going to set out on war despite the fact that the appropriate response has typically been yes in light of their nation due principally to the way that the administration ingrains it in the individuals of the nation to help ones nation and one path is to send youthful abled bodied men into the military. On the off chance that you were one person that was not for battling for your nation you would most likely turn into a pariah by the nations individuals. To stay away from mock and turning out to be outcasted by the individuals living around you, you would join the military just in the idea that you were committed to for the sole purpose of your nation. Such contemplations were strengthened by the administration advancement of purposeful publicity. Lauding passing isn't should have been instructed and ought to be up to the sole person. Educational systems should sh ow an unprejudiced perspective of war to empower the youngster to settle on their own choice to battle for ones nation. Inside the training framework it was told to the instructors to encourage the kids at a youthful age during the verge of war to ingrain that their the life of the nation and for them to safeguard their nation against the foe. Educators demonstrated being in a military was speaking to respect and the pride of the nation. Blame was laid on the understudies who demonstrated resistance by the instructor. Commonly the instructor would attempt to show a warrior that looks upbeat and substance attempting to speak to being an officer makes you glad and substance. Numerous youthful unpracticed warriors were sent to preparing camps close to the combat zones that they would before long be sent to battle, for their nation and their life. The preparation camps were arranged on comparative enviroments that looked like the combat zones of where the battling would occur. Strengthened displine to the youthful and uninformed men. Channel fighting is when numerous troopers of restricting nations battle against one another over an immense forsaken, soil secured land, and the main feeling of spread was to squat in a generally water logged channel. The feeling of death overwhelmed your very soul, the conezt barrage of shells reverberation in your brain long after it had stopped. On the Western front conditions were frightful without a doubt, odor of death remained coneztly noticeable all around, bodies loaded with slug wounds lay over the bottoms of the channels, dismantled bodies dissipated over the scene and the hints of anguishing and passing on men reverberation over the fight grounds. Extremely restricted proportions Astronomy

Engineer, Blogger Rhodes Scholar (!)

Engineer, Blogger… Rhodes Scholar (!) On Saturday, the Rhodes Trust announced the 32 Americans who have won the 2008 Rhodes Scholarships. The Rhodes Scholarship, described as the oldest and best known award for international study, includes among its winners political figures like Bill Clinton, George Stephanopoulos and David Souter; scientists like Edwin Hubble, Robert J. van de Graaff and Brian Greene; and journalists like Nicholas Kristof, Michael Kinsley and Walter Isaacson. Add to that list Melis Anahtar, MIT senior, Mechanical Engineering major, and MIT Admissions blogger. Her official Rhodes Scholar biography reads: Melis N. Anahtar, Bethesda, is a senior at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she majors in mechanical engineering and minors in biomedical engineering. A former finalist in the Intel Talent Search, she has a perfect academic record at M.I.T. She has done research in immunology and has worked at the NIST, and at the NIH human genome research institute. Her senior thesis is in the use of micro-electro-mechanical devises in tissue engineering. She also is editor-in-chief of the M.I.T. Undergraduate Research Journal and was a finalist in Glamour Magazines Top 10 College Women Competition. At Oxford, Melis will do the M.Sc. in integrated immunology. Melis is (according to this list) the 38th MIT student to win the Rhodes. Sunday morning, The Washington Post led with her story in their coverage of the Rhodes announcement: It occurred to Melis N. Anahtars family that she might have a future in science when she began building robots and little toy cars, using plain blocks and then invention kits. She was in second grade. On Saturday, Anahtars scientific bent paid off when she was among 32 college students from across the country, including six with ties to the Washington area, who were selected as Rhodes scholars and will spend two or three years of graduate study at Oxford University in England. Im tremendously excited, Anahtar, 21, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology senior from Bethesda, said yesterday. She has a perfect academic record at MIT As in all her courses, including linguistics and fiction reading and plans to study immunology. Of course, shes practically an expert already, having worked in six laboratories and designed a device that isolates white blood cells to better understand how the human body reacts to injury. Want to learn more about Melis? Check out her blog. As soon as she recovers from all the excitement, shell be posting about the experience! (In the meantime, feel free to leave a comment for Melis in the comments here)

The King James Bible Old And New Testament - 1637 Words

The King James Bible (Old and New Testament) 13) The Creation of the World; the Garden of Eden; Adam and Eve; Original Sin; the Fall The beginning of the Old Testament starts by explaining how God created everything within seven days. He creates night and day, the sky and the ocean, vegetation, the stars, sun and moon, sea creatures, land creatures, and for the seventh day he rests. The Garden of Eden was the paradise where man once lived until Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit thus creating the original sin. Eve listened to the serpent and gave into temptation leading to the fall of man. 14) Noah and the Flood At the time of this story God saw how the thoughts of mankind were evil and he decided to destroy what he had created with a great flood intending to drown the earth. He chose Noah and his family to build an ark big enough to contain two of every animal to repopulate the earth. The world was flooded for a hundred and fifty days until the water subsided back into land. 15) Abraham The story of Abraham and the binding of his son Isaac displays one of the ways God tested man in those days. Abraham was ordered to sacrifice his only son in the land of Moriah. Not letting his love for his son withhold him from God’s wishes he goes to the mountain and right before he readies himself to kill Isaac an angel calls out to him. He is told that his faith in God has been demonstrated and he doesn t have to sacrifice his son after all. 16) Lot and his Wife TwoShow MoreRelatedWilliam Coverdale ( 1488-1569 ), The Great Bible911 Words   |  4 Pages William Coverdale (1488-1569), The Great Bible The atmosphere changed in England as Rome and Henry the VIII came into conflict. Henry the VII wanted to divorce his Catholic wife, Katherine of Aragon, the Catholic Church refused. When the Pope refused, Henry VII renounced the Catholic Church and appointed himself head of the Church of England. To spite the Catholic Church and unify his kingdom, he ordered the Bible printed and translated into English, and placed in all the churchesRead MoreThe Magna Carte, The Declaration Of Independence, And But The Communist Manifesto1534 Words   |  7 Pagesshape humanity. The Bible has had perhaps more impact on humanity than any other Document ever written. Many people read the Bible, but know little of the history of the Bible itself. The history of the Bible is a fascinating story of the creation of the Bible versions seen today. Many people are familiar with at least some of the contents of the Bible, but the average person knows little of the people, processes, and ev ents involved in its creation and translations. The Bible is a collection ofRead MoreHistory of the Bible Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesCanonization of the Bible The process by which the English Bible, as it is known to the English culture today, was compiled is an extraordinary thing to see. The Bible consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The process by which both Testaments were written and then canonized into one book transpired over a period of many years. Once the canonization of the Bible officially came to an end, it was translated into English. Since then, many versions of the modern Bible have been madeRead MoreThe King James Bible Remains The Most Significant Book1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe King James Bible remains the most significant book of all English literature to date, however, a substantial part of the population appears to be ignorant of the history of Bible translation. In this essay, the reader will go through some of the principal names in the history of Bible translation. Particularly important questions will be answered such as, â€Å"What are the consequences that ran upwards to the trans lation of these texts?† â€Å"What are the pros and cons of this translation?†, in additionRead MoreHistory And Historical Context Of The Old Testament1684 Words   |  7 Pagesof how the Bible came into existence has been explored for centuries and is an active area of study today. There are many facets to the Bible and each has its own set of unique characteristics and teachings. The Old Testament is considered a contemporary guide for daily living, even though it was composed hundreds of years ago. Where did the Old Testament come from? What are some of the influences that shaped the Old Testament? What are the significant events of the Old Testament? In orderRead MoreThe Old Testament: The Five Covenants Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe word ‘covenant’ is, in the Old Testament, it is the Hebrew word ‘berith’ and is used many times in different texts. Some scholars my say that the word covenants is hard to find a true meaning. You will hear the word covenant throughout the Old Testament. I think sometimes when we hear the word covenant only one or two covenants come to mind. There are many covenants throughout the Bible. I will attempt to define and explain five covenants. These five covenants are: Noahic Covenant, AbrahamicRead MoreBoring s Introduction Of The New Testament898 Words   |  4 PagesBoring’s Introduction to the New Testament, was a very interesting book. It detailed just about everything you would want to know about the New Testament and then some. He left no stone unturned in taking you deep into the history of every book and just about every writer that wrote the books of the New Testament. Boring is a very detailed writer, he takes you beyond what you think that you might know and in his own way breaks it down in a kind of complex way. The title explains the subject justRead MoreThe Works Of The Dunham Bible Museum973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dunham Bible Museum possesses many unique and rare artifacts that are not only important to our nation’s history but also vital to the history of Christianity. One artifact that touched my heart the most and is the most exclusive item in the museum was the Francis Bailey New Testament, which is the only known complete copy of the earliest English Testament printed in the United States of America. Although this artifact may hold a huge amount of significance to historians, Americans, and mostRead MoreA Comparison Of The Tanach And Bible1380 Words   |  6 PagesComparison of the Tanach and Bible Each religion has a sacred text which is used to understand their worldview and their religion better. A sacred text is what a religion believes is holy and authoritative. Religious texts show its followers what to do in worship, daily living and conduct. While Christianity and Judaism have numerous similarities because of the mother-daughter link, differences still exist. The sacred text for Judaism is the Tanach while for Christianity the Bible is used. This essay willRead MoreIs The Bible An Unreliable Book Full Of Errors And Contradictions? Essay924 Words   |  4 Pagescan t trust the Bible. I s full of all kinds of contradictions and errors. This is a very common charge made against the Bible today. You may have heard this kind of thing from a friend or coworker. Maybe you have even heard this kind of things stated on TV, but is it true? Is the Bible an unreliable book full of errors and contradictions? To answer this question let us look at some of the more commonly cited pr oofs for this assertion. Some, in an attempt to prove the Bible contains contradictions

Training and Development - 737 Words

Training and Development Week 6 Steve, There is a huge value to have a mentor program. Benefits of a Mentor Program provide opportunities for the employees to... * Explore the world of work through interaction with professionals. * Familiarize them with corporate protocol. * Identify long-term professional development needs. * Realize the value of networking. * Develop a meaningful professional relationship over a specified period of time. With developing a mentor program it gives one way of formalizing the relationship between individuals in a professional way. Mentor programs offer a structured setting in which to develop beneficial one-on-one relationships between employees and the professionals. Acting†¦show more content†¦Businesses should ensure that top management is involved in the program and in its inception, otherwise it won’t get the attention and enthusiasm it needs to become part of the business culture (http://www.cbsnews.com). As we organize the mentor program, we will first want t o develop some basic guidelines. Who will be eligible to participate? How long will the mentor relationship last? How will students and professionals be matched? We will have an individual be designated to coordinate the program. This person can hold an office such as mentor coordinator, mentor director, or chairman, mentor programs. A committee also may be formed as needed to assist the coordinator in implementing the program. Enrollment forms should be developed for those interested in participating. Mentors will usually be assigned for a specified amount of time such as one semester or one academic year. The time period should be decided in advance and communicated to potential mentors so they understand what their time commitment will be (www.ehow.com). Once established, the mentor committee or coordinator we will: Establish requirements for participation in the program and create enrollment forms. * Must be a current employee * Be willing to commit to mentor program for a period of time Establish specific mentor activities and guidelines. * Mentors must communicate with managers at least once everyShow MoreRelatedEffects of Staff Training and Development3086 Words   |  13 PagesRESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: EFFECTS OF STAFF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SECRETARIAL STAFF IN AN ORGANIZATION A Study to be carried out in the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology department of National Council for Science and Technology (NCST) and department of department of Research Management Directorate (DRMD) 0. INTRODUCTION 1. 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Local Law Enforcement’s Role in Anti-terrorism and Home Land Security Free Essays

The intensity of the September 11 attacks on American soil led to massive destruction of property, besides leaving thousands of innocent civilians dead. To many, the attacks revealed just how vulnerable the United States was to the cruel hand of global terrorism. The lessons learnt from the tragic incidences prompted immediate action on the part of the federal authorities, culminating in what became known as the war on terror whose overall objective was to completely eliminate, or at least minimize the potential danger posed by terrorists and terrorist organizations spread all over the globe. We will write a custom essay sample on Local Law Enforcement’s Role in Anti-terrorism and Home Land Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beginning then, the fight against terrorism has become a shared responsibility, with various security, intelligence and law enforcement agencies involved in checking terrorist activity. Some of the major responsibilities include have included training on technologies such as airborne insertion equipment, rescuing hostages and using anti-terrorist weaponry. Although most of these have been assigned to specialized task forces such as the military and the Delta force, a critical evaluation also depicts the local enforcement agencies as instrumental in fighting terrorism and enhancing national security. Indeed, the attacks led to a significant redefinition of the role that federal, state, as well as local law enforcement authorities ought to play in as far as the prevention and interdiction of terrorist activity in the U. S. is concerned (Middlemiss and Gupta, 2007). Besides the traditional role of acting as critical incident managers and first responders, these agencies have been assigned a new task: that of handling the uncertainties occasioned by the threat of terrorism. The Role Played By Local Police Agencies in the Fight against Terrorism. As opposed to the military whose main preoccupation is that of protecting the country from eternal aggression, the main domain of local law enforcement agencies lies in the provision of homeland security. Due to the numerous security connections that state and local officials have established with institutions such as the Intelligence Community and the society in general, they usually tend to have an upper hand in detecting and preventing terrorist activity (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). It is in view of this reality that governments within the state and local levels have since embarked on an initiative of establishing antiterrorism and counterterrorism programs. The former entails the defensive or passive strategies employed to curb terrorism, while the latter involves proactive measures such as pursuing terrorist perpetrators and supporters (Sauter and Carafano, 2005, p. 261). In essence, the failure of such initiative to suffice in equipping law enforcement personnel with the basic as well as specialized skills of fighting terrorism implies that the local law enforcers assisted by other personnel would be the in the forefront should a terrorist attack occur. A preliminary study carried out by the Police Executive Research Forum in 2001 found that the local police played a vital responsibility in critical incidence response, information and intelligence sharing, enhancement of community stability after a major incident, and the establishment of multi-agency task forces (Police Executive Research Forum, 2003). However, one of the most remarkable findings of the survey was the strong belief expressed by these law enforcement agents: that they were now faced with an expanded role of terrorism prevention in such subfields as increasing community policing systems, intelligence gathering and information-sharing with the civilian fraternity. Nevertheless, training and conversancy with the nature of global terrorism as well as the need for upgrading terrorist attack-preparedness emerged as critical components if these agencies are to perform a greater role in antiterrorism initiatives. Since 2001, the role of local law enforcement agencies in the fight against terrorism has been transformed from a relatively amorphous form into a more distinct one with specific responsibilities and tasks. One of the areas in which the local police have continued to play is in the domain of terrorism prevention. In essence, the very complex nature of terrorism and terrorist groups makes it impossible for the federal law enforcers to effectively handle the threat posed by global terrorism. Working in close collaboration with the local communities, the local law enforcers have played a critical role of collecting vital information on personalities suspected to have links to terrorist groups. A critical evaluation depicts these agencies as better placed to make a objective assessment of community security fears and concerns identified as critical in effective fathering of intelligence information, particularly considering the ability of community policing to engage citizens, foster collective problem solving, and encourage information sharing based on mutual trust (Middlemiss and Gupta, 2007). By receiving and sharing information with state as well as federal agents while at the same time maintaining confidentiality especially in reference to sensitive information, the local police have been, and continue to be of great help in the fight against terrorism. Other terrorism prevention initiatives that they could be involved in include the identification, evaluation and reduction of the terrorist threat posed to local targets (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). Another domain in which the local law enforcement agencies should be actively involved in is in the domain of critical incident prevention, preparations and response (). One of the traditional roles in which the local police have been involved in is preparing and promptly responding to disasters such as Katrina. With the increasing threat of global terrorism however, such an approach has similarly been transferred to terrorist operations. Such efforts have included initiatives geared towards the derivation of early warning systems to detect the possibility of a terrorist attack. However, this role has also been expanded to security operations enhancement as well as establishing emergency medical teams. Besides, they have been involved in the establishment and implementation of local critical incident plans essential in the evaluation of the various waves of domestic and global terrorism (). However, the successful management of terrorist scenes requires that the local police work in close collaboration with state and federal agencies. Although numerous precautionary measures have been undertaken to prevent terrorist attacks similar to 9/11, the possibility of another attack, either by a foreign or domestic organization can not be ruled. As witnessed in 2001, such deadly attacks cause unprecedented trauma on those involved or their relatives. Thus, the local law enforcement agencies have to work closely with the local leaderships and the community in general in ensuring that such individuals recover from post-terrorist trauma. This could involve adopting effective strategies to alleviate the fear of potential attacks in future. In addition, the local police have to brace themselves with the complex security expectations that the affected community may place, including the provision of information and other extra services (Lyons, 2002). Besides the maintenance of manpower skilled in handling various terrorist challenges, local law jurisdictions have the responsibility of availing the resources necessary to implement antiterrorism and counterterrorism initiatives. Indeed, the reallocation of existing resources as well as the identification of new ones goes a long way in improving the security-preparedness of state and local officials (Sauter and Carafano, 2005). Such resources have been deployed to upgrade the capabilities of old security units in addition to establishing new ones. However, majority of the state and local authorities have increasingly faced numerous counterterrorism budget constrains which have posed as significant obstacles in the initiatives aimed at scaling up security measures. A number of these security initiatives have been funded by the federal government. Notably, the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security was aimed at consolidating most of the federal aid inclined to homeland security within the new department under the Office of State and Local Government Coordination and Preparedness (Sauter and Carafano, 2005, p. 64). Some of the activities currently funded include the provision of equipment as well as training of officers on domestic counterterrorist procedures and activities. Nevertheless, the limited funds availed have sometimes precipitated a reduction of existing security functions, for instance, redirecting local intelligence fraternity from the traditional role of unraveling organized crime to that of countering terrorist activity. Conclusion. Although relative calm has been witnessed since the 2001 attacks on American soil, the fight against terrorism is far from over. This calls for concerted efforts amongst all the stakeholders involved. Based on past experience, the local law enforcement agencies can indeed play a pivotal role in the antiterrorism and counterterrorism initiatives. These not only include the initiation of preventive strategies, but also extend to prompt response during actual attacks, as well trauma management. However, various factors continue to present insurmountable challenges in the realization of this noble mission. Particularly, a significant number of local law enforcement agencies still grapple with the reality of maintaining a balance between the fight against terrorism on the one hand and deterrence, and prevention of other crimes on the other. In essence therefore, greater federal support and cooperation is essential in supplementing the efforts of local law enforcement agencies. How to cite Local Law Enforcement’s Role in Anti-terrorism and Home Land Security, Essays

The Effects of Urban Growth Boundaries on Florida Urban Densities free essay sample

The Effects of Urban Growth Boundaries on Florida Urban Densities Prepared by Submitted to ___ Executive Summary Urban growth boundaries (UGB) are a growth management tool adopted from early English land use traditions to categorize land use. UGB’s are boundaries that clearly delineate the limit of the urban density growth permitted and supported by the issuing municipality. Florida instituted the Growth Management Act in 1985, mandating local comprehensive planning and recommending cities implement urban service areas, motivating many cities to go a step further and clearly outline the limit of growth. This study seeks to identify the effectiveness of UGB’s on compact development in urbanized cities within the state of Florida. There are 38 cities in Florida with populations greater than 50,000 people, or which are urbanized areas. The study will collect data and organize case studies on eight cities with urban growth boundaries of the 38 possible cities. The data, both through secondary data analysis and survey research, will measure the impact of the urban growth boundary to impact key compact development factors. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Urban Growth Boundaries on Florida Urban Densities or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since compact development is described as growth up instead of out, indicators of an increase in compact development include use of infrastructure, mass transportation capacity, undeveloped land, building standards, and zoning densities. The surveys will measure the administrative perception of the impact or effectiveness by gauging the same indicators from an administrative point of view. The collection of data will then be analyzed using SPSS or a similar social science statistical analysis program to determine any significance between the changes among cities. The expected results will outline the cities’ perceptions on the UGB as well as the quantitative changes that occurred over the measured time period. The quasi-experimental time-lapse design faces internal validity issues because of the political nature of the policy. External validity within the study is questioned because of the diverse sample population and the small sample size. The heterogeneous nature of the sample slightly counters the small sample size but nevertheless the results will not be generalizable to the entire population. Still, the case study design is the best method for analysis because it will allow the researchers to highlight any statistically significant factors as well as any frequently occurring tendencies among case study cities. Ethical considerations for the research include the condition of anonymity among survey respondents. The level of political influence asserted with the municipal administration may affect the survey responses if the respondents are not satisfied with the level of anonymity. Further research options that merit further evaluation include the influence of supplementary growth management tools and a UGB within a city and the influence of other growth management policies minus the implementation of the UGB. Density Matters: The effects of urban growth boundaries on Florida urban densities Introduction The urban growth boundary is a popular growth management tool that was implemented in the United States as early as the 1950’s. Widely used in the United States today, over 100 cities and counties have implemented a form of the urban growth boundary in order to limit sprawl, preserve government resources, and conserve open space and natural resources. Florida implemented the Growth Management Act of 1985 and mandated that cities and counties create comprehensive plans to guide local planning of future growth and resources. Since 1985, all cities and counties have implemented comprehensive plans and in turn, a few cities have implemented urban growth boundaries as a growth management tool. In order to determine the effectiveness of urban growth boundaries as a growth management policy, this study will evaluate urbanized cities with populations of 50,000 people or larger that have implemented a boundary around the city to limit growth and designate between urban and rural areas. Urban growth boundaries (UGB) have become synonymous with forward thinking urban areas such as Portland, Oregon and Boulder, Colorado. Individuals familiar with these areas might recognize the use of urban growth boundaries as the distinct â€Å"line† which separates urban and rural development. A visual of the UGB might show dense a residential neighborhood on one side of the street and open pastures with cows grazing on the other. In general terms the urban growth boundary is a land use planning tool in which a municipality forecasts population growth for a future period of time and creates a growth boundary accordingly. Essentially a line drawn in the sand, the UGB was instituted in early 1970’s and has set precedence in growth management in the United States. The primary goals of this growth management strategy are to increase compact urban development, preserve and protect agricultural, environmental, and open space, and reduce fragmented development on the fringe (Paradise n. d. ). American Planning Association (APA) contributing authors, Uri Avin and Michael Bayer initiated a small study of nearly 146 cities and counties that had implemented UGB’s and found that â€Å"communities are not expanding their UGB’s in any significant way. Nor do communities appear to be densifying their undeveloped land with the UGB’s as an alternative to expansion† (2003, p. 22). Their initial results provide introductory evidence that urban growth boundaries have not acted as a means to an end after all. There are still many cities and counties that have implemented urban growth boundaries and have not seen a substantial increase urban density or in overall compact urban development. This study questions the effectiveness of urban growth boundaries as a growth containment policy. Currently, urban growth boundaries are a hot topic both in Florida and the U. S. , but research has been limited to the effect of urban growth boundaries on the housing market and growth management tools and urban development. Specifically identifying the causal relationship between the urban growth boundary and urban development will be beneficial to the field of planning and public administration. If planners and administrators have more empirical data regarding the effectiveness of UBG’s as a tool they will be able to use it more efficiently and in correlation with other growth management tools. The study seeks to gather information to evaluate and measure the effect urban growth boundaries have had on increasing density within the designated urban areas. Effectiveness of the policy is defined as a positive impact on overall density within the urban boundary and is being measured through the quantitative change in usage of infrastructure, building code limitations or allowances, access and use of mass transportation, and zoning densities within the city. The measurement of these individual variables is to show the causal relationship between limited land resource and a more efficient use of space inside the boundary if the boundary is positively effective. The research intends to evaluate the urban structure within Florida cities hat have implemented urban growth boundaries and identify any impacts on â€Å"compact† development through density. In doing so, the intention is to highlight common occurrences among the cities after the implementation of the UGB, and ultimately, evaluate the performance of the growth management tool Florida. According the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), compact development â€Å"refers to th e act of constructing buildings vertically rather than horizontally, and configuring them on a block or neighborhood scale that makes efficient use of land and resources† (2004, para. 4). In order to quantify impacts on density as a factor of compact development, the research will look at indicators such as use of infrastructure, mass transportation capacity, undeveloped land, building standards, and zoning densities in and out of the urban growth boundary. Research questions? Literature Review Urban growth boundaries are the evolutionary product of greenbelts around garden cities, created to separate cities into varying land uses. Early examples of cities using boundary lines to limit growth include the 1972 â€Å"Petaluma Plan† of Petaluma, California and the 1976 â€Å"Danish Plan† in Boulder, Colorado (Jurie 2004). These early examples introduced growth management in terms of limiting services in an effort to conserve open space and create continuity within the cities’ boundaries. Other cities have chosen to use the UGB to â€Å"limit the long-term location of growth to land within a designated boundary† (Kelly 1993, pp. 23-24) including Portland, Oregon and Knoxville, Tennessee (Jurie 2004). Extensive research has been done to determine the effect urban growth boundaries have had on factors such as housing prices, fringe growth, sprawl, development patterns, and commuting (Edgens, Mildner, Staley 1999, Jun 2004, Knaap Song 2004). Proponents of the UGB’s effectiveness as a growth management policy argue that it has improved internal connectivity, pedestrian access, and density, contained sprawl and protected natural resources and open space (Nelson 1994, Knaap Song 2004). Opponents argue that it has increased housing prices and diverted new growth outside of the boundary instead of drawing it in (Jun 2004, Edgens, Mildner, Staley 1999). Contentions volley between the immediate and the long-term impact of urban growth boundaries. The implementation of an urban growth boundary creates pressure on all areas of the market as scarcity of resources is heightened. Immediate response to the increased pressure forces new development to find open and uninhibited areas to locate leaving behind the defined urban area and boundary. Kelly (1993) suggests that UGB’s work best in a regional context because of the tendency for development to jump over the UGB, or so-called ‘leapfrogging. ’ The State of Florida’s 1985 Growth Management Act mandated the implementation of an urban growth policy in the form of a comprehensive plan for each city and county in the state. Florida’s regional view on growth management has set the stage for implementation of urban growth boundaries in cities within the state. Research suggests that implementation of an urban growth boundary on a regional scale has a greater impact than implemented locally and without cooperation among municipalities (Kelly 1993). Comprehensive planning is a state-mandated local government responsibility. Despite contention among researchers about the best way to implement growth management, many municipalities have relied on prior examples and legislation to guide their planning process. Although there is evidence that urban growth boundaries have not had a great impact on growth management, the tool is still utilized because of its prominence among legislators and in the field. In addition, the evidence provided has not negated a causal relationship between the urban growth boundary and increased compact development. The proposed study will attempt to use aggregate data of state supported growth management policies, specifically the urban growth boundary, and its effect on compact urban density. Urban growth boundaries directly influence increased compact development. Assuming the following premise is true, the next logical step is to determine the variables that make up compact development and determine any change in total compact development since the implementation of the urban growth boundary. The results are expected to either support or negate the assumed causal relationship. Methods Sampling In order to evaluate the effectiveness of urban growth boundaries in Florida’s urban environment as an effective policy, the study’s population of interest will be urbanized environments that have implemented urban growth boundaries or similar urban containment policy. For purposes of this research, the study urban environment is limited to Florida cities with a population of 50,000 or greater (EPA 2004, para. 22). The sampling framework will then be constructed using MapStats information on the FEDSTATS website. FEDSTATS is the central source of public information regarding federal government organizations (FEDSTATS 2004). The sampling frame once compiled will consist of Florida cities with a 2000 Census population of 50,000 or greater with an urban growth boundary. The chief planning administrator of each city will be contacted to verify the city’s use of an urban growth boundary. According to the MapStats website based on 2000 Census data, 38 cities in Florida have populations greater than 50,000 people (FEDSTATS 2004). The 38-city sampling frame can be found in Appendix A. There is an extensive amount of time involved in gathering the final sampling frame and for proposal purposes the study assumes that 50 percent of the sampling frame will have implemented some form of urban growth boundary. According to this assumption, 16 cities make up the sampling frame, and eight cities will be identified for an extensive case study based on survey research. The sample population groups together highly diverse cities within the state classified by population size and policy implementation. This classification creates a sample that is highly heterogeneous with variables such as type of city government, city statues, economic resources, and citizen preferences, all enormously affecting the research results. Overall the results are expected to be moderately generalizable to the larger population because unpredictable political factors play a key role in the development of effective policy outcomes. The results are likely to exhibit common characteristics of the effectiveness between the case study cities but will not offer any sweeping generalizations on the outcome of all Florida cities implementing of urban growth boundaries. Measures The objective of the research is to determine the performance of urban growth boundaries in urban areas. Effectiveness is defined as having impacted compact development or caused an increase in compact development in the urbanized area. Each city implemented urban growth boundaries with a set of expectations different from one another. In order to account for those differences this research is limiting effectiveness to represent only the quantifiable impacts. Performance will be measured by gathering data on the following indicators: infrastructure usage, units per acre, vacant land in city limits, maximum building height, mass transportation access and usage, and road widths. The data for each of the previous indicators is available through each city’s governmental departments. Each department has information regarding its operations. The data will be requested from each of the sample cities’ departments, which include planning, zoning, and public works. Information regarding density and population growth can be taken from the most recent Census data. The measures associated with increased density and compact development will measure an increased population in a restricted land environment. Compact development refers to building up rather than out and so these measures will quantify any impact on fitting more people in less space. The first measure of density is equal to total population divided by total landmass. This measure will indicate whether the city has fit more residents into a limited land space. The next measure, infrastructure usage, seeks to identify how many people are using one unit of infrastructure. For example, this measure will identify users per mile of sewer line and users per mile of water line. By measuring user per mile of infrastructure we can compare between cities and not be impacted by size differences. An increased number of users per infrastructure mile may indicate more compact development. Unit per acre density will be measured with residential units per acre because the change in residential units per acre may indicate a change in development type or changing zoning regulations. Measurement of the vacant land within city limits before and after the implementation of the urban growth boundary may indicate the level of growth and where that has occurred since implementation. Another indicator of changing regulations supporting or negating compact urban development is the affect on maximum building heights within the city. Another indicator, mass transportation access and usage, may indicate an impact on compact development. It requires higher densities to support forms of mass transportation such as bus routes, subways, and light rail and a change in this measurement would indicate a possible effect. On the other side of increased mass transportation usage, a change in the physical widths of new or existing roads may indicate a change in planning emphasis toward more compact development. In addition to analyzing existing historical data, a survey will be handed out to the cities of the sample to gather data from the city administrator and from the Planning Department. Each city will be sent five surveys, two to the city administrator and three to the Planning Department, in order to gather multiple perspectives regarding the basis for the implementation of the policy. An example of the type of survey questions to be distributed can be found in Appendix A. The survey focuses on the details about the urban growth boundary, goals for implementation, and the community response since implementation as well as demographic data about the city. The surveys will be kept anonymous and the results will be used aggregately to show trends in administrative perspectives. Design The design chosen for this research is quasi-experimental, before and after design as described by Carol Weiss (1998). The research is designed to evaluate five cities before and after the implementation of an urban growth boundary without comparison to any control group in order to measure the effectiveness of the UGB policy. This research recognizes that non-experimental before and after evaluation is not necessarily â€Å"authoritative† for determining effectiveness, but serves the function of the research topic well (Weiss 1998, pp. 193). One group before and after analysis has validity issues because outside elements are occurring during the same time frame that the policy is being evaluated and are not being measured for their impact. The unknown impact of outside environmental factors negates the validity of any causal relationship determined from the research unless it can otherwise be accounted. The research regarding the impact of urban growth boundaries recognizes that multiple growth management tools may be in play during the time period of evaluation in a political and unpredictable environment. It may be impossible to separate the impact of those tools from the impact of an urban growth boundary and so this research seeks to identify factors that are specifically related to limited land area for development. Additional variables that could possibly be used to measure the impact of the UGB on compact density, but could possibly be influenced by the unpredictable nature of the profession have not been included for evaluation. Procedures and Analyses This research design seeks to determine the cause and effect relationship between urban growth boundaries and compact development. Earl Babbie (2004) outlines the criteria to determine nomothetic causality relationships in three factors: â€Å"the variables must be correlated, the cause takes place before the effect, and the variables are nonspurious† (p. 90). Compact development and growth management tools are in fact both descendants of the planning communities desire to create livable and sustainable communities. This research seeks to identify both a direct cause and effect relationship and confirm the nonspurious nature of the variables. The choice to use quasi-experimental time-lapse analysis is only appropriate based on the nature of the topic in discussion. Ultimately, analyzing the process in action and any changes made without comparison to any level of control group will provide a base to begin interpretation of effectiveness. Ideally once the information is compiled, whether the data shows a substantial change inside or outside of the UGB, there will be information for comparison. This examination will measure the previous indicators, before and after the implementation an urban growth boundary, and determine if the policy has impacted density and compact development in the case study cities. First, the sample population will be identified and quartered into the cities that meet the urban criteria of 50,000 people or greater. After the initial list is identified, they will be contacted for confirmation of implementation of an urban growth boundary eight cities will systematically be chosen. Two methods of data collection will be used to gather the data. The survey instrument will measure the planners and administrators’ perceptions of the effectiveness of the UGB while the questionnaire will serve as the main vehicle for data regarding changes in the cities before and after implementation. The survey instrument will be administered by mail and Internet access for convenience for the administrators. Ten surveys will be sent to both the lead planning administrators and non-planning managers within the cities’ departments which will be distributed in confidentiality. The survey responder will be expected to identify the municipality they represent but not their name or position. In order to access the Internet website and complete the survey, the responder will be required to enter a code identifying their respective city. The expected return rate for the surveys is six surveys from each of the eight cities on approximately a four-week time frame. The second data collection method, questionnaire, will be compiled of existing data on the eight sample cities. In order to fairly gauge the effectiveness of implementation time will be controlled for during data collection. The specific sample cities will determine the time frames used to measure between the sample cities. This is expected to take between one and two weeks. Once the data collection is complete and the surveys have been returned the data will be entered into social science research software, such as SPSS, for statistical computation of the quantitative changes in indicated variables as well as the managers/planners perceptions of effectiveness. The data will be analyzed to highlight statistical similarities or outstanding characteristics of high frequency that occurs in the time series data. The ability of the design to actually measure the indicators poses a serious concern to this research team (Babbie 2004). The team recognizes that the chosen indicators may not create a comprehensive picture of the forces molding compact growth but feel confident that the indicators chosen are the best available. Secondly, the design uses content analysis coupled with survey research to paint a picture of urban growth boundaries from both the administrative and practical perspectives. Ultimately, the political nature of policies leave room for indiscretions in measurement but according to supporting research this is the best method identified. Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations relevant to this study focus on the individual cities of the sample. The information requested for the research is public access information and will not require explicit approval or volunteering from any participants in the sample cities. This research intends to work closely with the sample organizations and prefers willing organizations but will not compromise the validity of the study by simply replacing an uncooperative respondent with a cooperative one. If necessary, the study will report that information is incomplete because it was inaccessible. Conclusion Research regarding the effectiveness of urban growth boundaries as a growth management policy is imperative. Cities and counties around the nation are looking for established means of regulating the relationships between society, the environment, and the economy and the urban growth boundary has potential to be a highly influential implementation tool. Especially in Florida as migration continues to the southern region and precious resources are being compromised, objective evaluation of the policy’s effects in urban areas to meet predetermined goals is required. The discovery of a strong causal relationship (or the lack thereof) between the implementation of the UGB and compact development within Florida cities is open to influence future state growth management policy in highly contested arenas such as water management, utility management, and future development rights. The key identifiers of compact development, including but not limited to density per acre, density per infrastructure mile, and number of users per mass transportation option, combined with administrative perceptions of effectiveness and impact serve as the main data source for this research. Because this study is focused solely on the UGB it is unable to clarify the impact of other growth management policies or tools in collaboration with the UGB. The results of this research would provide basis to further discuss the impact of supplementary growth management policies individual and in coordination with the urban growth boundary as well as the effect of compact development without the UGB as a catalyst. This research relies on the belief that sustainable, compact development is the key to creating communities that provide future generations with the same opportunities as the previous generations had.